Learning Objectives
After reading this section, students should be able to …
- understand the implications of host country research
- appreciate the importance of cross-cultural training
While many similarities exist among businesses, there are dynamics that must be taken into consideration in an increasingly global environment, such as multicultural employees and varying experiences in countries outside that of the business. It is essential to take these differences seriously and not assume that individuals have similar values.
Host country research and cultural implications
Cultural issues can be divided into two categories, explicit and implicit. Explicit culture issues are related to characteristics that one can see or perceive. Implicit culture issues, on the other hand, are related to attitudes and values, symbolized in the figure below.
The Onion Metaphor of Culture (Ulijn and Fayolle, 2004)
Explicit culture exists on the outer layer and is the observable reality of the language, food, buildings, houses, monuments, agriculture, shrines, markets, fashions and art. These products are visible in people’s behaviors, clothes, food, music and theater.
The middle layers include norms, values, and attitudes but are not directly visible. Norms are the mutual sense a group has of what is right and wrong that can develop on a formal level such as written law, or on an informal level such as social control. Values determine good from bad, and are closely related to the ideals shared by a group. A value in one culture may differ vastly from that of another, and therefore these differences must be studied and taken into consideration when doing business across cultures.
Cross-cultural Training
The creation of a stable and healthy workplace made up of people of varying cultural backgrounds is a matter of increasing importance in the global business environment. Employers must take into consideration the impact cultural diversity can have on both the homogeneity of the workplace and potential legal implications for improper discrimination.
The objective of training programs is to foster the four characteristics of preparedness, sensitivity, patience, and flexibility in managers and other personnel (Czinkota et al, 2005). Methods of training may range from factual preparation involving books and lectures to experiential training involving simulations and field experience. Some topics to be addressed in training might be, but are not limited to:
- comfort levels of trainees’ with people of a different background
- impact of trainees’ behaviors on others
- understanding stereotypes
- transforming knowledge into empathy
- embracing diversity as a source of strength
- learning a new language
Businesses with diverse cultural backgrounds must maintain an environment suited for every constituent so that the objectives of the business can be efficiently met. Installing cultural diversity training programs can help accomplish this by defining what cultural intelligence is, teaching employees to accept and work effectively with others from different cultural backgrounds, and taking advantage of advice from those who have a cross-cultural experience.
Cultural values determine the way people think and behave. International marketers must understand many subtle differences that may affect the way their marketing is made and perceived in foreign markets. One medium in which many such differences reside is language. Because language is a reflection of culture, some words cannot be cross-culturally translated, which implies that it is often better to have local copywriters write and translate marketing and advertising content to avoid cultural misunderstandings. Because of this phenomenon, global advertising, which is a main component of global marketing, often relies on symbol recognition to convey meaning in their ads, instead of words.
The approach to discussing culture, as it relates to global marketing, in most textbooks is a three-pronged approach. First, the concept of culture is defined, second, the various components of culture are identified, and third, vivid examples of cultural differences are provided. The dire consequences of firms not taking these differences into account are invariably described, as adherence to local culture is considered one of the most important, if not the most important, components of success in international marketing (Hofstede, 1996).
Ethical Considerations
Managers of businesses that conduct operations in an increasingly global environment face a dilemma when selecting and applying ethics to decisions in cross-cultural settings. Although ethical values may be similar across cultures in many cases, the application of those values to certain situations may vary. Ethics can be described as the science of human duty. It is upon the ethical standards of a person that judges whether or not an action is right or wrong.
Before a company does business across borders, it must first decide what its motivation is regarding ethical conduct, which will determine what kind of behavior is to be expected from employees.
Student Example
When we were analyzing the pros and cons of sweatshops in developing countries, Nike was brought up as an example of the dark side of sweatshops. As a quick recap: It was alleged that Nike cut jobs, stole money from workers, and created hazardous working conditions for sweatshop workers. Additionally, they allegedly turned away the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) when the independent group came to review the factories. If these were true, ethics comes into play in two ways here. The first is that Nike would allow such terrible working conditions to persist, hurting hundreds if not thousands of workers. The ethical value of treating a human as a human should be cross-cultural, and the way a company treats workers shows the standards of the higher-management. Secondly, it is unethical to refuse a review by an independent sweatshop inspection organization. It essentially admits the guilt of treating workers so poorly that the company doesn’t want it getting out into the public.
Lucio Chavarria
Class of 2020
